Immersion: This form of bilingual education was developed in Canada and every child is able to participate. Teachers have used this method to promote bilingualism within their classrooms as well as at home. Eventually the child will be bilingual and biliterate in both languages. This is typically how foreign language classes are in schooling at the collegiate level. This is also most frequently used with English speakers learning French. There are 3 types of immersion:
Submersion: This method is the opposite of immersion in the United States. Teachers, are to only speak English and the native language is not honored in the classroom. Students may also be put into ESL with this method. Generally the goal is to lose the original native language and assimilate in to the society that the student is currently living in. This method also puts students in to English speaking classrooms regardless of where they stand on speaking it themselves. Submersion is not allowed in schools with students who have non-native English speakers, although it sometimes occurs.
ESL: This is a form of bilingual education that is used as an instruction method. English as a Second Language, is a way of teaching English to non-native English speakers in an additional class. This can be one-on-one or in a group setting where one teacher is teaching English to students that may speak 5 or 6 different languages. Sometimes students will have aides to help them in their classrooms. other times, a student may be pulled-out of class to be taught ESL. It is often hard to choose what classes to take the student out of; but the main goal is to not intrude on classes like PE and Art where they will be able to interact with other students and create friendships.
Transitional: This method of instruction is where 'content classes' or math, science, social studies, etc are taught in the native language. The student will also take ESL with this and some extra curricular classes (PE, Music, Art) that are taught in English. This method is least abrasive to students who do not speak the native language, allowing them to adjust at their own pace. The goal of this method is still for the student to become soley an English speaking student and to not use their native language. This method is typically found in area's where most people do not speak English or the native language.
Maintenance: This program of instruction is used differently in that it works not like any of the others. The maintenance method, makes it so the student is transitioned into English speaking content classes and they are allowed and given support in their own language. It is similar to transitional, with the exception being that it is not the goal to have the student lose their native language in the process of learning English. The student will receive both 'English' classes in both languages, so as to keep them bilingual. This method not only supports both languages it promotes the learning of both, to create a biliterate and bilingual student.
Bilingual and Bicultural: The method here is plain and simple; "any of several approaches to teaching through the use of native languages and cultures with the aim of achieving proficiency in both languages and cultures"(Tozer, 2009). A variety of methods are used to create a sense of both languages. One of the languages is not superior and one is not snuffed out in the classroom. ESL is very typically used in this method as well as transitional.
Enrichment: This method is also known as Developmental or Two-way bilingual education. Enrichment involves both groups; non-native English speakers and English speakers. The object being that they both learn an additional language, while learning more about the native (English) language. The goal here is similar to that of maintenance education, it is to create both bilingual and bicultural students. The teachers want their students to be studying content classes in both languages eventually. ESL method is also sometimes used for the students who are non-native or English speaking. Sometimes these classes are often taught with two teachers, where one speaks in one language and the other in English.
- Sheltered immersion is used primarily in high school for students where the teacher only teaches in English, or the country's native language.
- Structured immersion is when the student is taught in only English, yet they are allowed to use their native language in class when they need to.
- Pulled-Out immersion is where the student is taken out of class at any given time to go to an ESL class or a special instruction class(in English) to help them learn it faster. The student is also able to get the one-on-one he/she might need.
Submersion: This method is the opposite of immersion in the United States. Teachers, are to only speak English and the native language is not honored in the classroom. Students may also be put into ESL with this method. Generally the goal is to lose the original native language and assimilate in to the society that the student is currently living in. This method also puts students in to English speaking classrooms regardless of where they stand on speaking it themselves. Submersion is not allowed in schools with students who have non-native English speakers, although it sometimes occurs.
ESL: This is a form of bilingual education that is used as an instruction method. English as a Second Language, is a way of teaching English to non-native English speakers in an additional class. This can be one-on-one or in a group setting where one teacher is teaching English to students that may speak 5 or 6 different languages. Sometimes students will have aides to help them in their classrooms. other times, a student may be pulled-out of class to be taught ESL. It is often hard to choose what classes to take the student out of; but the main goal is to not intrude on classes like PE and Art where they will be able to interact with other students and create friendships.
Transitional: This method of instruction is where 'content classes' or math, science, social studies, etc are taught in the native language. The student will also take ESL with this and some extra curricular classes (PE, Music, Art) that are taught in English. This method is least abrasive to students who do not speak the native language, allowing them to adjust at their own pace. The goal of this method is still for the student to become soley an English speaking student and to not use their native language. This method is typically found in area's where most people do not speak English or the native language.
Maintenance: This program of instruction is used differently in that it works not like any of the others. The maintenance method, makes it so the student is transitioned into English speaking content classes and they are allowed and given support in their own language. It is similar to transitional, with the exception being that it is not the goal to have the student lose their native language in the process of learning English. The student will receive both 'English' classes in both languages, so as to keep them bilingual. This method not only supports both languages it promotes the learning of both, to create a biliterate and bilingual student.
Bilingual and Bicultural: The method here is plain and simple; "any of several approaches to teaching through the use of native languages and cultures with the aim of achieving proficiency in both languages and cultures"(Tozer, 2009). A variety of methods are used to create a sense of both languages. One of the languages is not superior and one is not snuffed out in the classroom. ESL is very typically used in this method as well as transitional.
Enrichment: This method is also known as Developmental or Two-way bilingual education. Enrichment involves both groups; non-native English speakers and English speakers. The object being that they both learn an additional language, while learning more about the native (English) language. The goal here is similar to that of maintenance education, it is to create both bilingual and bicultural students. The teachers want their students to be studying content classes in both languages eventually. ESL method is also sometimes used for the students who are non-native or English speaking. Sometimes these classes are often taught with two teachers, where one speaks in one language and the other in English.
Works Cited:
Santiago, Esmeralda. (1993). When I was Puerto Rican. New York: Vintage.
Tozer, Steven E.; Sense, Guy; Violas, Paul C. (2009). School and Society. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, 6th edition. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
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Santiago, Esmeralda. (1993). When I was Puerto Rican. New York: Vintage.
Tozer, Steven E.; Sense, Guy; Violas, Paul C. (2009). School and Society. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, 6th edition. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS5wk68gy7B3xa8IjsWXcAsQmSpas1d21dWlSGJcZXrQeKU8nWHmg
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRKR2y9dkyhUiTPEyJopIceILddRfx3coy4ybfSUL7YNuWKKYglow
https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQf0qNClxRxW5fq_RwapaCmvT29BkAjLouMqjAl29vKIzxMN4Z2
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